It is the second leading cause of cancer death in women, and the third for men. However, due to advances in screening techniques and improvements in treatments, the death rate from colorectal cancer has been falling.

Colorectal cancer may be benign, or non-cancerous, or malignant. A malignant cancer can spread to other parts of the body and damage them.

RISK FACTORS

• Older age
• A diet that is high in animal protein, saturated fats, and calories
• A diet that is low in fiber
• High alcohol consumption
• Having had breast, ovary, or uterine cancer
• A family history of colorectal cancer
• Having ulcerative colitis, crohn’s disease, or irritable bowel disease (ibd)
• Overweight and obesity
• Smoking
• A lack of physical activity
• The presence of polyps in the colon or rectum, as these may eventually become cancerous.

SYMPTOMS

• Changes in bowel habits
• Diarrhea or constipation
• A feeling that the bowel does not empty properly after a bowel movement
• Blood in feces that makes stools look black
• Bright red blood coming from the rectum
• Pain and bloating in the abdomen
• A feeling of fullness in the abdomen, even after not eating for a while.
• Fatigue or tiredness
• Unexplained weight loss
• A lump in the abdomen or the back passage felt by your doctor
• Unexplained iron deficiency in men, or in women after menopause

DIAGNOSIS

• Fecal occult blood test
• Stool DNA test
• Flexible sigmoidoscopy
• Barium enema X-ray
• Colonoscopy
• CT colonography
• Imaging scans

STAGES

Stage 0: This is the earliest stage, when the cancer is still within the mucosa, or inner layer, of the colon or rectum. It is also called carcinoma in situ.

Stage 1: The cancer has grown through the inner layer of the colon or rectum but has not yet spread beyond the wall of the rectum or colon.

Stage 2: The cancer has grown through or into the wall of the colon or rectum, but it has not yet reached the nearby lymph nodes.

Stage 3: The cancer has invaded the nearby lymph nodes, but it has not yet affected other parts of the body.

Stage 4: The cancer has spread to other parts of the body, including other organs, such as the liver, the membrane lining the abdominal cavity, the lung, or the ovaries.

TREATMENT

• Surgery for colorectal cancer
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Ablation

PREVENTION

Regular screenings: People who have had colorectal cancer before, who are over 50 years of age, who have a family history of this type of cancer, or who have Crohn’s disease, Lynch syndrome, or adenomatous polyposis should have regular screenings.

Nutrition: Follow a diet with plenty of fiber, fruit, vegetables, and good quality carbohydrates and a minimum of red and processed meats. Switch from saturated fats to good quality fats, such as avocado, olive oil, fish oils, and nuts.

Exercise: Moderate, regular exercise has been shown to have a significant impact on lowering a person’s risk of developing colorectal cancer.

Bodyweight: Being overweight or obese raises the risk of many cancers, including colorectal cancer.

CONCLUSION

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Media Contact:
ALPINE
Managing Editor
Journal of Molecular Oncology Research
Email: oncology@openaccessjournal.org