Effect and necessity of anthropogenic copper on fresh water aquaculture

organisms: A review

The aim of the present review is to gather baseline information on the importance and toxic effect of anthropogenic copper on aquaculture organisms. The expansion of agricultural activities (pesticide), industry (especially lather industry), metal works (electrical manufacturing), urban inputs (effluent from publicly owned treatment works) and mining activities can cause increase of anthropogenic copper in natural environments. Copper is an essential nutrient at low concentrations, but it is toxic to aquaculture organisms at higher concentrations. In addition to acute effects such as mortality, chronic exposure to copper can lead to adverse effects on survival, growth, reproduction as well as alterations of brain function, enzyme activity, blood chemistry, and metabolism. Polluted water by anthropogenic copper seriously threatens human health due to bioaccumulation of copper in muscle and other tissues of aquaculture organism. What makes copper as serious toxicant is its attraction to biological tissue and its slow elimination from biological system. The toxicity of copper can be affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM), alkalinity level, water pH, age and size of fish, presence of live feed, acclimatization time

Copper is important micronutrients carries out vital function in animals (growth, reproduction and in osmo regulation) and at elevated levels it lead to physiological disturbance (suppresses immune system function, and can affect the lateral line of fish) to aquaculture organisms. Toxicity of anthropogenic Cu to aquatic organisms depends on its “bioavailability” or its potential to transfer from water or food to a receptor (gills, olfactory neurons) on an organism where toxic effects can occur. Copper can damage a number of organs and systems, including the gills, liver, kidney, immune system, and nervous system. Liver, gill and intestine have relatively higher potential for metal accumulation than muscle.

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