BIOCATALYSTS

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts (biocatalysts). Catalysts accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. Enzymes are proteins consisting of one or more polypeptide chains. Enzymes have an active site that provides a unique chemical environment, made up of certain amino acid R groups (residues)

Unique. Like all proteins, enzymes are made of strings of amino acids chemically bonded to one another. These bonds give each enzyme a unique structure, which determines its function.

Enzymes are mainly globular proteins - protein molecules where the tertiary structure has given the molecule a generally rounded, ball shape (although perhaps a very squashed ball in some cases). The other type of proteins (fibrous proteins) have long thin structures and are found in tissues like muscle and hair.

Enzymes are produced naturally in the body. For example, enzymes are required for proper digestive system function. Digestive enzymes are mostly produced in the pancreas, stomach, and small intestine.

Without these enzymes, the nutrients in your food go to waste. When a lack of digestive enzymes leads to poor digestion and malnutrition, it's called exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI).

Any condition that damages the pancreas and either stops or blocks the release of its enzymes can result in EPI. The two most common causes are cystic fibrosis and chronic pancreatitis.

The “lock and key” model was first proposed in 1894. In this model, an enzyme’s active site is a specific shape, and only the substrate will fit into it, like a lock and key.

This model has now been updated and is called the induced-fit model.

In this model, the active site changes shape as it interacts with the substrate. Once the substrate is fully locked in and in the exact position, the catalysis can begin.

Enzymes are made up of amino acids which are linked together via amide (peptide) bonds in a linear chain. This is the primary structure. The resulting amino acid chain is called a polypeptide or protein. The specific order of amino acid in the protein is encoded by the DNA sequence of the corresponding gene.

Potential topics include:

Enzymes

Composition

Properties

Characteristics

Applications

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Regards,
Nicola B
Editorial Team
Journal of  Biochemistry and Biotechnology